Lang, R. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.

Devereux, R. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Heagerty, P. Waldo, S. Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in acute decompensated heart failure. Colucci, W. Girnius, S. Palladini, G. A European collaborative study of cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in upfront treatment of systemic AL amyloidosis. Wechalekar, A. Tsao, C. J Am Heart Assoc. Aurigemma, G. Biolo, A.

Circ Heart Fail. Ng, B. Senile systemic amyloidosis presenting with heart failure: a comparison with light chain-associated amyloidosis. Guan, J. Current perspectives on cardiac amyloidosis.

Gaasch, W. Left ventricular structural remodeling in health and disease: with special emphasis on volume, mass, and geometry. Pozo, E. Revisiting morphological features of cardiac amyloid with cardiac magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Sabatine, M. Alonso-Martinez, J. C-reactive protein as a predictor of improvement and readmission in heart failure.

Eur J Heart Fail. Apridonidze, T. Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of elevated troponin in amyloid light-chain cardiac amyloidosis. Koyama, J. Longitudinal myocardial function assessed by tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with AL primary cardiac amyloidosis. Gertz, M. Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: Update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Am J Hematol. Download references. To the members of the multidisciplinary clinical and research teams of the Amyloidosis Center.

Gordon Darby Research Fund to F. Usman A. Tahir, John S. Kim, David C. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

Project administration: Usman Tahir, Flora Sam. Writing original draft : Usman Tahir, Flora Sam. Correspondence to Flora Sam. Reprints and Permissions. Tahir, U. Sci Rep 9, Download citation. Received : 31 December Accepted : 28 May Published : 12 June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Download PDF. Subjects Cardiology Heart failure. Introduction Systemic amyloidosis AL is a uncommon disease characterized by the clonal proliferation of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains resulting in extracellular fibril formation and amyloid deposits in various organs 1. Methods Patient data collection Data was collected over a year period.

Biomarker analysis Blood samples were collected at initial visit to the Amyloidosis Center. Full size table. All tests were two-tailed. During the 21 years of the study, patients with AL amyloidosis were seen at Mayo Clinic. Of the remaining patients, were seen at Mayo Clinic within 6 months of the initial diagnosis of AL amyloidosis, 93 between 6 months and 2 years, and 32 more than 2 years after initial diagnosis. Sixty-seven patients seen within 6 months are still alive and under observation Table 1.

Survival for patients with systemic amyloidosis seen at Mayo Clinic between January 1, and March 1, Thirty patients survived for 10 years or more after the histologic diagnosis of AL amyloidosis; 19 of these were first seen at Mayo Clinic within 6 months of diagnosis Table 1.

Comparison of these two groups showed little difference between them Table 2. All but 1 of the 30 patients had a monoclonal protein in the serum or urine, monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, or immunohistochemical proof of monoclonal light-chain staining of the amyloid tissue. In the one exception, the diagnosis was made in , immunoelectrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy were not done, and the positive rectal biopsy specimen contained no additional tissue for immunohistochemical studies.

The ages of the survivors ranged from 27 to 68 years median, 54 years at diagnosis of AL. Fifty-three percent were male. Only 3 patients had a liver palpable more than 5 cm below the right costal margin. The spleen was not palpable in any survivor, and lymphadenopathy was noted in only 2 patients. At the first Mayo Clinic visit, the median hemoglobin value was Fourteen percent had an initial serum creatinine value of 2.

The serum albumin value was less than 3. Only 2 patients had a monoclonal protein spike more than 2. The size of the urine monoclonal spike ranged from 0. The hour urine protein content ranged from 0. Of the 6 patients without a monoclonal protein in the serum or urine at diagnosis, a bone marrow biopsy specimen contained a monoclonal population of plasma cells in 2, immunohistochemical stains of the amyloid tissue were positive for a monoclonal light chain in 1, a monoclonal protein developed in the serum and urine in 2 patients during the course of their illness, and no studies were done in 1 patient.

Overt congestive heart failure was present in 2 patients at the time of diagnosis. The first patient was a year-old white man who had had progressive dyspnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea for 1 year. He also had periorbital purpura during this time and had lost 10 pounds.

The liver was palpable 3 cm below the right costal margin, and the Tinel sign was positive. A rectal biopsy was positive for amyloid. An endomyocardial biopsy was performed 6 years later because the patient was doing so well. All four specimens showed moderate amyloid deposition that was pericellular and nodular. Acute leukemia subsequently developed, and the patient died Results of cytogenetic studies were normal on two occasions before the diagnosis of acute leukemia.

In the second patient, a year-old white man, exertional dyspnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea developed from congestive heart failure. Biopsies of the tongue, rectum, and pleura were positive for amyloid. The interventricular septal thickness was 13 mm. This therapy was discontinued at 20 months total melphalan dosage, mg. He subsequently required a pacemaker but is alive with compensated congestive heart failure 13 years after diagnosis.

Six patients had carpal tunnel syndrome at diagnosis, and only 2 had a sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Orthostatic hypotension was present in 4 patients before diagnosis. Four of five liver biopsies were positive for amyloid, and all four endomyocardial biopsies were positive for amyloid.

Subcutaneous fat aspiration was performed in only 3 patients, and all had positive results. All seven renal biopsies were positive. All 30 patients received alkylating-agent therapy. One patient with an IgM monoclonal protein received chlorambucil, and another patient was given cyclophosphamide.

The remaining 28 patients received melphalan and prednisone. The duration of treatment ranged from 5 to 84 months median, The total dose of melphalan ranged from to 4, mg median, 1, mg. The monoclonal light chain disappeared from the urine in 13 patients and from the serum in 5 patients. The monoclonal protein disappeared from the serum or urine in a total of 14 patients.

The serum albumin value increased 1. The liver in the patient with marked hepatomegaly 14 cm below the costal margin became nonpalpable with therapy. One patient had a ruptured spleen at diagnosis. Two of the 30 patients had an associated multiple myeloma that required chemotherapy.

In 1 patient, autopsy results showed that the amyloidosis had disappeared. This patient had presented with a nephrotic syndrome hour urine protein value of 6. At autopsy, there was no evidence of amyloid in any organ.

An acute nonlymphocytic leukemia developed in 3 patients, and 2 others had a myelodysplastic syndrome. Cytogenetic studies revealed a monosomy 7 in 3 of the 4 patients in whom studies were done. Of 18 deaths, the causes were cardiac in 9, infection in 3, renal insufficiency in 2 both patients voluntarily stopped dialysis , and 1 each from gastrointestinal bleeding, multiple myeloma and renal failure, ventricular fibrillation no evidence of amyloid at autopsy , and an unrelated ruptured subclavian artery.

Myelodysplasia or leukemia contributed to death in 3 patients. Twelve patients are still alive and under observation at 10 to One patient had renal transplantation and was doing well 7 years later serum creatinine value was 1.

Improper kidney function due to amyloidosis can also lead to swelling in the legs edema , the belly, and the arms. Gut In the digestive system, amyloid deposits can lead to nausea, diarrhea, constipation , loss of appetite, or feeling full after eating even small amounts of food.

Again, these symptoms are common to many other GI issues as well, so just because you experience them does not necessarily mean you have amyloidosis. Nervous system Numbness, tingling, and pain are all potential symptoms if amyloid deposits affect the nervous system.

Another nervous system symptom is loss of sensitivity to heat or cold, as well as dizziness and nausea. More symptoms Carpal tunnel syndrome and a swollen or enlarged tongue can turn up in some people with AL amyloidosis, as can unexplained bruising — especially around the eyes. Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking. AL Amyloidosis. Amyloidosis Foundation. National Organization for Rare Disorders. August 14, February 1, Clinical Endoscopy.

October 26, Bone Marrow Transplant. May 22, University College London. AL Primary Amyloidosis.

After their first case, however, Wesley was eager to stay and assist Angel and Cordelia, who had inherited the visions from the Powers that Be from Doyle, in their mission. After an intense battle in which Faith seemed to have the upper hand, Faith broke down and pleaded with Angel to kill her.

When Faith gave herself up to the police, he and Buffy got into an argument, during which Buffy used her relationship with her new boyfriend, Riley Finn , to attack him. In response, Angel launched a tirade against Buffy, reminding her that, while it was great that she had moved on, he himself could not and had no one with whom to share his pain, culminating in him telling Buffy that she didn't know him anymore and that she had no right to just show up with her "great new life" and tell him how to do things in "his city" before harshly ordering her to go back to Sunnydale.

Immediately afterward, Angel traveled to Sunnydale to make amends. Though he ran afoul of Riley and the Initiative in the process, he managed to get to Buffy and apologize, who also apologized for butting into his life, and Angel departed after informing Buffy that he didn't like Riley, much to Buffy's amusement.

Later, Angel and his teammates uncovered the Shanshu Prophecy. The prophecy reveals that the vampire with a soul would play a pivotal role in the apocalypse, and upon fulfilling his destiny, would be rewarded by being made human. The Angel Investigations team enlisted the help of demon karaoke bar-owner, Lorne , initially known only as the Host. Both prescient and empathic, Lorne could sense the futures of humans and demons when they sang. In an attempt to control him, the firm resurrected his sire and former lover, Darla, though she came back as a human rather than as a vampire.

Angel became obsessed with Darla on two fronts; at first, he wanted to prove that she was actually back and not just a figment of his imagination and second, he desired to save her when it was revealed that she was dying from the same disease that was killing her before she was sired by the Master. An epiphany followed the desperate act, [59] and Angel realized that his purpose was still to do all the good he could, even if he couldn't do all the good he wanted to. Having hoped to get Angel back, Darla was disgusted and infuriated by Angel's epiphany, and left Los Angeles.

The group finally reconciled, and Wesley was appointed the official leader. But Angel's relationship with his teammates, particularly Cordelia, was strained, though things improved rather quickly. After the death of Buffy's mother, Angel returned to Sunnydale to comfort Buffy, and the two spent a night discussing how life would continue after Joyce's death.

Angel assured Buffy that she was strong and would find her way over time, and offered to stay in Sunnydale as long as she needed him, though she knew that he could not stay for long. Nonetheless, Buffy appreciated that he came, and he remained with her until sunrise. Afterward, Cordelia was sucked into Lorne's home dimension of Pylea , and the Angel Investigations team followed her. Eventually, after Angel defeated the undefeated Champion of Pylea, the Groosalugg , they returned with a new team member, Winifred "Fred" Burkle , in tow, and learned that Buffy had died.

Devastated by Buffy's death, Angel spent several months mourning her in a Tibetan monastery in Sri Lanka, returning despondent and believing that he had betrayed Buffy by continuing to live while she was dead, though Cordelia assured him that he was in fact honoring her memory by continuing to fight the good fight in Buffy's stead. After Buffy was resurrected a few months later by Willow, Angel was overjoyed and immediately went to meet her between Sunnydale and Los Angeles.

Despite his still untarnished love for Buffy, Angel eventually realized his previously platonic love for Cordelia had grown romantic. Before he had a chance to confess his feelings, however, Darla returned, miraculously pregnant.

The previous year, Angel had endured trials in order to win a new life for Darla as she was dying. However, thanks to the one night of passion the two shared together, Darla became pregnant which was thought to be impossible for vampires. Influenced by the soul of the child growing inside her, because she was dead and therefore could not give birth to the child, Darla staked herself, leaving only a crying baby. Angel was overcome with parental love, and named their child Connor , in recognition of his Irish heritage.

False prophecies, time travelers, and betrayal led to Angel losing his infant son to an old enemy, Holtz, who abducted Connor soon after his birth, taking him to the dimension of Quor'toth , where time passed differently. Wesley unintentionally brought about the kidnapping due to uncovering a false prophecy that stated "the father will kill the son," and Angel attempted to kill Wesley in the hospital; Wesley was subsequently fired from Angel Investigations, while Angel resumed his position as the team's leader.

Unexpectedly, Connor returned days later, a young man of 18 or so who had been raised by Holtz to be a warrior and to believe that Angel was a soulless monster. Holtz took his own life in such a way that Connor was led to believe he was killed by Angel, making Connor hate his father and be determined to make him pay for the suffering he had caused Holtz and others.

Connor then sank his father to the bottom of the ocean in a steel coffin, while Cordelia ascended to a higher plane, the feelings shared between her and Angel still left unspoken. Rescued by Wesley from his watery prison, Angel's relationship with Connor was strained. It was complicated further by the return of an amnesiac Cordelia, who preferred to stay with Connor because he told her the truth while the others lied to her albeit because they thought it was for her own good.

When a very powerful demon known only as the Beast arrived and began an attempt to bring forth an apocalypse, Angel's worst fears were realized when he had to strip himself of his soul and revert to his evil self in order to defeat it, after Cordelia had a vision of soulless Angel facing the Beast in the past which Angel did not recall.

A spell had been cast before the Beast's arrival which erased all reference to it in this dimension, with Angelus being immune because he technically didn't exist anymore when the spell was cast. While soulless Angel did indeed overcome the Beast, and was also deft enough to realize that the Beast was a mere "flunky" serving an even more powerful evil; the Beast he knew was only interested in smashing and slaughter, and it was unlikely that it would have become smarter in the years since his initial encounter with him.

Although he was momentarily free to wreak a little havoc of his own while soulless, Angel was recaptured and re-ensouled after a battle with Faith. Faith defeated Angel but when she refused to kill him, he regained the upper hand and drank from Faith, who had injected herself with the Orpheus drug. Faith who had almost died in her quest to capture him and Willow helped to accomplish Angel's restoration via a brief but violent internal mental battle between his soulless and souled states.

After his soul was restored, Angel, using information that he had acquired during his freedom, figured out that the enemy he had been battling was a little closer to home than the group had previously considered. He realized that whatever the Beast's "boss" was, it was using Cordelia's body to carry out its plans, and it had seduced Angel's son Connor over to its side, warping the youth further and increasing the gap between Angel and his son.

Angel acted against all of his instincts and made a deal with his sworn enemy in exchange for them erasing Connor's memories and giving him a normal life, and trying to find a way to cure Cordelia who had gone into a coma. He was told that it would play a role in the upcoming battle with the First Evil and had to be worn by someone with a soul, but more than human — a champion. After the fight concluded, they shared a kiss while being unknowingly watched by Spike, along with the First Evil.

They discussed Spike and the return of his soul, along with Buffy's feelings for him. The conversation shifted to Buffy's future, and whether Angel would be a part of it romantically. She told him that it would be a long time, if ever, but she sometimes envisioned a future with him. Accepting this, Angel returned to Los Angeles to prepare the second front, hoping he would not have to use it, and told Buffy, "I ain't getting any older.

Trying to battle evil from within the belly of the beast proved to be more difficult than even he had imagined, with the lines of good and evil becoming ever more gray with every action taken, and he soon discovered that his friends and allies in the Scooby Gang, including Buffy, had deemed him untrustworthy. Shortly after Angel assumed control of the law firm, matters were further complicated when Spike appeared as a ghost , emerging from the amulet Angel had given Buffy and that was then sent back to Angel in the mail.

Now both possessed souls, and both were still in love with Buffy; they had evolved into very different heroes in the war against evil. Forced to co-exist, they waged a protracted, insidious battle of wills, ending when they finally came to an understanding and accepted their unique brotherhood on their journey to redemption. When they battled over the Cup of Perpetual Torment — supposedly the key that would determine which of them was the true vampire champion — Spike told Angel "You had a soul forced on you.

As a curse. Make you suffer for all the horrible things you've done. Me, I fought for my soul, went through the demon trials, almost did me in a dozen times over, but I kept fighting. Because I knew it was the right thing to do. It's my destiny. However, Spike's victory and subsequent role as a champion was later revealed to be part of Lindsey McDonald's plans to undermine Angel's confidence and new position, allowing Angel to regain his focus and faith in himself after a final meeting with Cordelia.

With Lindsey out of the way, Spike and Angel came to an understanding that let the two of them operate as a lethal team when the two ended up fighting side-by-side, using their long experience of each other's skills to operate in near-perfect tandem. While investigating the sinister children's program, Smile Time , Angel was turned into a puppet. Angel managed to stop the puppet demons ' plans and save the children of Los Angeles.

He remained a puppet for several days until the spell wore off. It was around this time that he realized werewolf Nina Ash was attracted to him, and the pair started dating. Angel was elated when Cordelia finally awoke from her coma. Cordelia and Angel discussed how skewed he got from his path and how lost he was without her, Cordelia was shocked to learn that he and the others had taken over "Evil Incorporated.

Angel was later reunited with his son, Connor, when the latter was forced to fulfill his destiny by killing the demon Sahjhan.

As a result of this, Connor's memories were returned to him and he remembered that Angel was his father. Angel finally understood that he would never be able to completely stop the forces of evil, but that he could temporarily sever the Senior Partners' hold on Earth and stop their apocalyptic plans.

To this end, Angel pretended to delve deeper into the darkness and fooled the Senior Partners and his teammates into thinking that he desired to join the Circle of the Black Thorn , the Senior Partners' instruments on Earth.

He even went so far as to sign away his candidacy for the Shanshu Prophecy to prove his loyalty, exploiting the Circle's inability to realize that he would do good for its own sake rather than to receive a reward. Together with his comrades, Angel prepared to destroy the Circle of the Black Thorn, a battle that none of them expected to survive.

He instructed his teammates to spend the day as if it was their last as he spent it by visiting Connor who revealed to his father that he regained his memories and appreciated what Angel did for him but wanted to keep it at that. In this effort, Gunn was badly wounded, and Wesley was killed. Gunn manages to make it to the meeting point, the alley behind the Hyperion Hotel, where he, Angel, Spike, and Illyria engaged in battle with the dark armies that the Senior Partners had sent against them.

At the same moment, they rendered Angel human to deprive him of his strength and immortality when he needed it most; unaware of the change, he leaped off a rooftop, breaking his legs and back. He was discovered by Wesley, who returned as a ghost to act as liaison between Angel and the Senior Partners. The process took months, and Angel spent every second awake and in agony; to endure the pain, he spoke to an imaginary Cordelia.

Believing he was talking to him, the dragon came to believe its own name was Cordelia. With his body healed, Angel, using various spells and enchantments to provide himself with his vampiric abilities, began patrolling the hell-ridden city with the dragon Cordelia, rescuing citizens and sending them, anonymously, to a safe-house run by Connor, Nina, and Gwen Raiden. His mission was complicated by the deaths of the Demon Lords who had taken control over areas of Los Angeles.

Following their victory, Team Angel returned to their old base, the Hyperion Hotel, [77] where Angel resumed his patrols of the city. After killing a nest of vampires, Illyria revealed to the group that Angel was no longer a vampire, leaving Connor feeling angry and betrayed. When he asked Illyria to seek out the most powerful vampire in "Hell-A," Angel was horrified when she led him to Gunn. As he died, Angel was visited by the spirit of Cordelia to facilitate his passing, but Angel resigned himself to death after receiving a vision from the Senior Partners regarding his role in the Shanshu Prophecy; himself standing alone surrounded by corpses and destruction.

The distracted Illyria was then taken down by the Senior Partners' forces. Meanwhile, Connor was mortally wounded by Gunn and died in his father's arms. Realizing that the Senior Partners needed him alive for their plans, Angel provoked Gunn into beheading him with the flaming sword. As planned, the Senior Partners reset the timeline to the last point Angel was alive, the moment before Los Angeles was sent to Hell.

This time, Angel rescued Gunn before he was sired and took him to a hospital, and tearfully reunited with a resurrected Connor. At some point, Angel gained new abilities after a meeting with a shape-shifting higher power, including flight and invulnerability, which he quickly used to save a damaged airplane. Angel takes on the identity of Twilight and assembles an anti-Slayer organization to save the world.

Though initially reluctant to deceive Buffy, Angel assumed the identity of "Twilight" and gathered a cabal of those most likely to oppose the Slayer army, consisting of several demons, members of the United States military such as General Voll , and Lieutenant Moulter , as well as Buffy's old enemies Warren Mears and Amy Madison , and her ex-boyfriend Agent Riley Finn, the latter of whom was acting as a double agent for Buffy, though "Twilight" was aware of this fact.

His supposed goal was to bring about the end of magic and eliminate all Slayers. However, his true goal was to keep the anti-Slayer forces distracted with his supposed "master plan," thus allowing him to coordinate the anti-Slayer movement and limit the potential damage that might result had these factions struck independently, while at the same time give Buffy a concrete threat to fight against, keeping her focused and ready for the challenges that lay ahead, while also guiding her into a position where she would somehow acquire powers similar to his.

As Twilight, Angel orchestrated the training of rogue Slayer Genevieve Savidge by the warlock Roden , which resulted in the deaths of both threats to Buffy, a mystical missile attack on the HQ of the Slayer Organization and full scale siege on the Tibetan monastery where lived Oz and his wife Bayarmaa. He took them to his headquarters, which was magically cloaked three seconds in the future, though Buffy tracked him down when the cloak was undone by Willow and Amy. Confronted by Buffy — now possessing strength, invulnerability, and flight like his own — Twilight chose to reveal his true identity to her.

Though initially enraged by this, Buffy, under the influence of a glowing aura, was moved when Angel explained his plan, and kissed him. The two give in to their passions and engaged in airborne sex, subsequently finding themselves in a paradise dimension: Twilight. Giles explains to the others that the current events tie in to a prophecy of a supernatural upheaval where the world shall be recreated after a Slayer changes the world, with Buffy and Angel having been selected to serve as the catalysts of that change.

Despite the prospects of eternal happiness with Angel in the new paradise dimension, Buffy chooses to return upon witnessing her friends and family fighting the resulting demonic hordes. Angel agrees to join her, only for the fight to be interrupted when Spike appears claiming to have the answer to the current crisis. However, given Angel's currently tense relationship with Spike, as well as the Scoobies' current hostility towards him, Buffy asked Angel to help protect the Slayers from the currently-attacking demons while she went with Spike to investigate his claims.

While in the midst of doing so, however, Angel encountered the same higher power who granted him his new powers, this time in the form of a winged lion. The power revealed itself to be the very dimension, itself called "Twilight," that Buffy and Angel chose to abandon, and insisted that Angel and Buffy finish what they started.

To this end, Twilight seemingly possessed Angel and sent him to the ruins of Sunnydale to stop the Scoobies and Spike. Although Buffy was able to keep Angel occupied long enough to destroy the Seed of Wonder, Angel killed Giles before he was returned to normal. Xander quickly jumped on him and started punching him, then grabbed the slayer scythe to stake him. Angel weakly defended himself, reminding him of his possession, yet barely put up a fight against Xander.

However, Angel was spared when Buffy saved his life and prevented her friend from killing him. In London, Angel was confined to Giles' flat where he remained in a state of intense depression for a prolonged period of time. Faith cared for him and in an attempt to speed up his recovery, read him passages from Giles' old Watchers Diaries.

After he heard about a little girl who was playing host to a demon, he suddenly recuperated, donning his redemptive mindset once more. He accompanied Faith to the girl's residence, and as the demon was slaughtered he received a rush of Giles' memories detailing the day he'd fallen in love with Jenny Calendar.

On the way back to their apartment, Angel told Faith that Giles' writings about the girl had "opened his eyes" and then sent her on her way, informing her that he could go home alone and wait for her, as she had other things to do. Later, when Faith returned to the apartment after spending several hours in Brixton with her fellow Slayers, she openly questioned Angel about his time under the guise of the masked Twilight.

She was particularly interested in knowing if he had murdered Giles in his own right mind, or if he had been taken over by Twilight's influence at the time. While he did not deny that he had been dominated by Twilight during the actual murder, he reminded Faith that he had been himself on many other occasions, and that he then had more blood on his hands than even Angelus.

He told her that he wanted to continue Giles' work where he'd left off, helping people in need, and also revealed the true reason why he had recovered so suddenly. He had decided to bring Giles back to life. One night, Angel saved Nadira 's life from a vampire, but fled in order to avoid being seen by Faith's Slayers most of whom wanted him dead for his actions as Twilight. Faith found him, and asked him how he intended to resurrect someone who had died a natural death.

He disclosed that he would work Giles' soul rather than his body; while Faith still seemed skeptical of his plan, she agreed to help him. He tracked down the blood at a demon auction, but just as they had managed to claim it, Angel's old associates Pearl and Nash suddenly attacked. The other demons at the auction ran for a chance to get it while Angel and Faith went to examine the basement of the establishment.

To their intense disappointment, they discovered in the new magic-less world, Mohra blood did not regenerate dead flesh with stability, but triggered perpetual regeneration until the victim was decapitated. Still determined, Angel began researching other methods of restoring corpses back at their apartment; when Faith came downstairs, he surprised her by speaking in a British accent and asking for tea.

Reliving Giles' memories, Angel chose to visit a cemetery where the Watcher had once witnessed the deaths of his friends at the hands of a Lorophage demon : an insect-like beast that fed on emotional trauma.

While there, he followed the scent of blood to a seniors' home, where he came across a deranged young man slaughtering the residents.

After taking care of the problem, he sparred with Faith on the roof of their building, and discussed the emergence of a new "it" vampire, known as Mother Superior, who ran a cult in a nearby church. Angel quickly brought up the possibility that the same Lorophage demon that had killed Giles' friends when he was younger was responsible for the bouts of psychosis blighting the city, as victims of Lorophage attacks oftentimes lost their sanity as a result of their trauma being brought to the surface too suddenly.

The two went to an old associate of Giles, Alasdair Coames , for help. Angel realized that a vampire might be controlling the Lorophage through hypnosis. They followed a lead to Mother Superior's church, only to find both the Lorophage demon and a completely sane Drusilla.

Angel reminisced about the moment he'd first laid eyes on Drusilla over a century ago. Her purity had driven him to want to mold her into his "masterpiece. She had chosen to help people with her newfound clarity, but as Angel was aware, her efforts had gone in vain. He attempted to kill the Lorophage to prevent further problems, but it easily fought him off.

Drusilla then offered to remove his suffering. He refused, and along with Faith, left the church. He met Faith's father back at the apartment, and urged her to reconnect with him; he then went to the Easter End of London, to the old house where Drusilla had lived with her family as a human.

Drusilla was already there waiting for him, and once again begged him to let her take away his pain. He refused again and apologized for what he had done to her; however, she declared that she no longer cared. She was able to see that he had attached a magical item known as the Tooth of Ammut to his body, which he intended to use to draw the fragments of Giles' soul trapped in demons and other mystical sources into his body. When he arrived at the apartment again, he and Faith confronted her father, who revealed that he had come to ask his Slayer daughter to kill a mobster for him.

She turned him down, but when the man showed up looking for him, she and Angel were forced to fight him off; in a moment of rage she cut off the man's hand, and in remorse, fled the scene. Although they initially accepted Drusilla's gift, Angel convinced her to reject it with the justification that the loss of her pain would only deprive of her of the emotional strength she had gained through maturation.

Angel then forced the Lorophage to feed on itself, releasing the torment it had consumed from Drusilla, Faith and its other victims. Drusilla begged Angel not to force her to take back her pain, but as it returned to her body she once again lost all sense.

Before running away, she gave Angel a teary and foreboding message, foretelling his dark future involving the three "voices" that would soon come to inhabit his body. Having saved each other once more, Angel and Faith made an uneasy truce. Faith declared her appreciation to Angel for continuing to believe in her, and as they walked away together, they reflected about Drusilla's past as a saintly human. Faith proclaimed Drusilla to be a mess, and although Angel openly agreed with her, he made the closing statement: "But before she met me, she was beautiful.

Back at the flat, they were surprised to find two young women: Giles' great aunts, Lavinia and Sophronia Fairweather , who had been powerful mystics before magic was removed from the world. After dealing with the unfortunate effects of the aunts magical deals, Angel and Faith were suddenly visited by Willow Rosenberg. However, despite her misgivings, Willow decided to help Angel with his plans because she herself needed him, stating that she needed Connor to bring magic back to Earth; in order to regain her magic, she needed to travel to another dimension where magic still existed and "soak up" the energy from there, but the only dimension that could still be accessed from this world was Quor'toth as there were never any portals to Quor'toth in the first place.

Having discovered a ritual that might allow her to access Quor'toth using the residual energy in the Scythe as a "battery," Willow needed something from the target dimension to access it in the first place, requiring Connor due to the time he had spent in that world. Angel was unsurprisingly furious with Willow for wanting to involve his son in her plans, at which point Willow snapped and blasted him for comparing her to him before breaking down in tears and insisting that the Earth was dying without magic and she needed to save it.

Seeing Willow's inner turmoil, Angel was more sympathetic and agreed to take her to Connor and talk to him, but made it clear to Willow that it was Connor's choice to go along with her plan. Making their way to Los Angeles, the group reunited with Gunn and Connor, the latter of whom unhesitatingly agreed to Willow's plan because he had seen what was happening and knew that Willow was right. Using the Scythe to carve symbols into Connor's body, Willow managed to open an entrance to Quor'toth in the Hyperion Hotel.

Willow's plan proved successful. In Quor'toth, Connor served as a guide, while Willow reminded Angel about the possible consequences of being in another dimension. They eventually came across dog-like demons who worshiped Connor; wanting to help them, Connor stayed behind. Willow tried to fight him off, but was at first overcome.

Angel encouraged her by prompting her to reflect on how weak she had become without magic. As Willow regained her confidence, the magic began to corrupt her.

In an attempt to calm her, Angel convinced Willow that she was strong enough to fight both the darkness and the demon. Still, she could not control herself, and transformed into "Dark Willow. As she rampaged, Angel concocted a plan. Faith launched him into the sky, where he managed to sink his teeth into Willow's throat. His plan worked, and Willow returned to normal and fainted from fatigue.

Angel struggled briefly with the urge to continue feeding on her; startled and frightened, he instructed that Faith kill him.

She came close to doing so at his request, but was stopped by both Willow and Connor. In the wake of the battle, Angel and Willow managed to reconcile to a degree. She revealed that although she hadn't yet forgiven him, she couldn't hate him either. Back in London, Angel met up with Whistler at a pizzeria on the anniversary of their first encounter in New York.

Angel was furious with him when he realized that he was working with Pearl and Nash , and would have resorted to violence, had Whistler not broken his wrist and ordered him to sit down. After the two reminisced about the day they had met, Whistler criticized Angel for abandoning their plan before its completion. Unphased by Whistler's accusations, Angel justified that his friends had been in danger, and that he had simply wanted to help.

He inculpated Whistler for allowing so many people to die for his cause, and for manipulating both him and Buffy in the past. Whistler did not deny this, but calmly revealed that Angel and Buffy's meeting had been predestined long ago. He also told Angel about his parents, a pureblood demon and an agent of the Powers That Be, who had been eliminated as a result of their forbidden relationship. Surprised by the revelation of Whistler's background, Angel became more sympathetic.

Whistler then told him that before the Seed of Wonder had been destroyed, he had experienced one final vision, relaying a horrid possible future. Whistler told Angel that he wanted his help to prevent it, warranting that having some people die would be better than allowing the world end. Angel admitted his appreciation to Whistler for giving him a purpose, and for allowing him to meet Buffy, but expressed that he wouldn't participate in anything that would sacrifice the lives of innocent people, despite Whistler's fixation on "balance.

Regardless, Whistler warned Angel that he would not be so lucky should their paths cross again. Angel and Faith then traveled to Peru to retrieve the Crown of Coils from a demons' lair. As they fought the demons, the creatures continuously regenerated; according to Angel, people had suspected this to be an ability of the demons themselves, but Angel realized afterward that they had been restored because of the Crown's influence.

He was proven right when he tested it on one of the demons' victims—the decomposed corpse became fresh once more, but because the body had no soul, it remained dead. Faith wondered aloud if the Crown would have the same effect as Mohra blood, but Angel had no answer. The two subsequently returned to London, where they put the Crown in Alasdair Coames ' care for the purpose of having it studied, and went to the cemetery where Giles' had been buried to exhume his remains.

Upon digging up his coffin, they were shocked to find his body missing; upon returning to their apartment, they realized that the body had been taken before it was ever buried, as the ground had been untouched. Nadira and her fellow Slayers arrived unexpectedly, carrying with them the body of a dead Slayer. She expressed to Angel that she was aware of his plan to bring Giles back to life, and ordered him to resurrect the young woman, Marianne , who had been murdered by his "child," Drusilla.

Angel refused, and told Nadira that resurrecting Giles was only possible because his life had been so deeply steeped in magic. Angel helped Buffy for more than a year before his curse kicked in and he lost his soul in , reverting to Angelus at age Later that year, in the show's season 2 finale, Buffy stabbed Angel, sending him to Hell.

A few months later, at the start of Buffy season 3, Angel unexpectedly returned from the Hell dimension, showing up in Sunnydale in a feral state. It's revealed he spent about years in Hell while only a couple of months passed in the real world, putting Angel at age when he recovered and began helping Buffy again.

Angel left Buffy at the end of season 3 in , relocating to Los Angeles and marking the start of Buffy the Vampire Slayer spinoff, Angel. Time flowed mostly normally throughout the five seasons of Angel , despite some visits by characters to alternate dimensions. In the two Angel visits — Pylea and Jasmine's home dimension — time appears to flow at the same rate as on Earth. Time speeds up in Quor'toth, but this is one dimension Angel didn't visit.

Angel's final appearance in Buffy the Vampire Slayer was in , when he delivered the amulet to Buffy at age Holtz made a deal with a demon and was suspended in animation, awakening in the modern-day. Here, he exacted his revenge on Angel, kidnapping his son and raising him in a hell dimension.

This offered Angel an insight into the pain and loss that he had caused so many to feel over the centuries. Angelus' wicked and torturous ways became his undoing when he set his sights on the Kalderash Clan. He kidnapped one of the Clan's daughters, sadistically torturing the girl before killing her.

This led to the Clan cursing Angel with his soul, causing him to feel remorse for all of his evil acts. With his new perspective, Angel dedicated his life to helping people and becoming a force for good.

Buffy and her friends knew that Angelus was one of the most wicked Vampires ever created, but the brutal death of Jenny Calendar shocked every one of them. Before her death, she had been working tirelessly to restore Angel's soul, which led Angelus to senselessly murder her.

This demonstrated that Angelus wasn't just bad, but he was evil. Her death hit Giles the hardest, who almost lost his life in his grief-stricken efforts to kill Angelus.

While most Vampires do their fair share of killing and torture, Angelus set his sights on a different goal and tried to destroy the world. His plan was rather simple, awaken the ancient demon Acathla who would suck the world into hell. Angelus was eventually recaptured and re-ensouled after a battle with Faith.

He has never been featured in the series again. Spike after his disastrous encounter with a psychotic vampire slayer, Dana , called her a monster. He likened her to himself and Angelus. After Angel called her a victim, Spike stated "So were we, once upon a time. When Gunn once turned his back on Angel, Angel knew that had Angelus saw Angel commit this betrayal, that he would be proud of him.

This disgusted him and though later it proved to be ill-advised, he didn't go through with killing Gunn. As Angelus, Angel is devoid of all human emotion, save perhaps the perverse pleasure he receives from his acts of cruelty. He is also a ruthless killing.

It's believed that he's more evil than any other vampire in history, with his grandsire The Master even being taken aback by how incredibly brutal he was. He was also incredibly petty, obsessive, sadistic and devoid of any care for the lives he ruins. He would also go to extreme lengths to torment his victims as much as possible, most infamously this happened with Drusilla who he drove to absolute insanity before siring her, and he later attempted to replicate this with Buffy.

Angelus's appearance is basically identical to that of Angel, being a ruggedly handsome, Caucasian man in his mid twenties with thick, dark brown hair and matching eyes, when engaged in combat however his vampire form would emerge giving him an almost cat-like face with flat features and fangs, his eyes also turned yellow at this point. In the past he had long flowing hair and a moustache and would wear regal and formal attire before eventually having his clothes more ruined and raggedy during his year travels between regaining his soul and meeting Buffy.

In the present Angelus's fashion sense is essentially the same as Angel's, his hair is a shorter style which is flicked up apparently unintentionally and he has an elegant and somewhat punkish fashion sense, usually wearing Angel's suits, sweatshirts and either Angel's black trench coat or his leather overcoat. The biggest difference between Angelus and Angel's clothes would be Angelus having a preference for tight leather trousers.

The raw demon form of Angelus which appeared briefly is a hideous beast which has greyish blue skin, wispy black hair, fangs and red eyes. His body texture overall was much rougher as well and he appeared to be covered in bony spikes, he also had prominent claws in this form. Circle of the Black Thorn.

Villains Wiki. Villains Wiki Explore. Top Content. Jester of Chaos BeholderofStuff Valkerone. TimeShade TyA. Pure Evil Terms. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? View source. History Talk 0.

Computer science is the most popular subject on edX and there are outstanding programming courses from top universities and institutions including Harvard, MIT, Microsoft and W3C available to help you get started.

IITBombay also offers self-paced beginner courses in programming including Programming Basics and Object-Oriented Programming that focus on logical thinking and programming best practices. Next, dive into different computer programming languages. Discover the similarities between different languages and gain an understanding of which language is the right one for a particular task. Want to go further? Enroll in an advance MicroMasters program to build on your knowledge and experience. A skilled and experienced computer programmer can essentially write their own ticket.

There are thousands of open jobs in programming and related fields. For example, a search for available positions for Java programmers on Indeed. People wishing to enter the world of computer programming can choose to specialize in any number of popular programming languages and find many entry-level opportunities.

Students raise personal awareness through the study of history of victimology and the victims' movement, the nature and extent of victimization, its emerging theories and resulting legislation.

In addition, victims' services, accessibility to services, rights of the victim and the victim in the criminal justice system are examined. Students also explore crime in the workplace, schools, and campuses and the importance of recognizing those at risk.

GED The Science of Play Toys and games, key components of play, have evolved from homemade trinkets to highly engineered items in a multi-billion-dollar industry. Students explore the connections between technology and play, specifically the benefits, drawbacks and ethical implications of toy and game design. Case studies allow students to consider familial, cultural, sociological, and other influences upon toy and game design over the last century.

Through discussion, analysis and workshops, students move towards designing their own toy or game, or modifying an existing one. GED Living Green The need to lead healthy, environmentally conscious lives is increasingly important. Students acquire the practical knowledge and skills required to explore current environmental challenges and identify personal plans for living in an environmentally responsible manner. Through a combination of assignments, discussion boards, and quiz work, students investigate the history and development of current environmental concerns, the environmental impact of our choices and behaviours, and strategies involved in living green.

By examining a variety of popular myths, students discover how the Ancient Greeks crafted narratives of gods, goddesses, monsters, and heroic figures to make sense of their lives and the world around them.

Using examples from art, science, and industry, students examine how these epic stories from oral tradition have endured and continue to influence contemporary society. By exploring different religious beliefs about the world, the individual, the meaning of life and death, and how individuals are encouraged to conduct themselves, students begin to appreciate the underlying forces that shape followers' lives. Students explore the history and basic teachings of six of the major religions of the world: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Baha'i Faith.

Each religion's distinctive features are highlighted, while their similarities and shared values are examined. Students have the opportunity to broaden their worldview through an exposure to divergent religious traditions. GED The Science of Everyday Life The mysteries of science surround us constantly and play a significant role in everyone's daily life regardless of their level of awareness.

Familiarity with the basic concepts of science in disciplines such as biology, physics, and chemistry, helps students better understand the world in which they live, the attitudes and opinions of those with whom they interact, and the reasons why many things happen. By examining everyday occurrences, students are introduced to scientific ways of thought and to problem-solving methods used by scientists. A background in science and math is not required. Students survey the development, use, and value of humour in Canadian visual and creative arts.

Varieties of humour, such as irony, satire and farce are positioned in the context of Canadian culture to enhance the student's appreciation of humour and self-awareness. GEN Science Fiction Science fiction is both a major genre of popular entertainment and an effective mode of social commentary. Students explore the formal conventions and the history of the genre, analyze a representative range of science fiction, and develop their critical appreciation of the role and place of science fiction in society.

In addition to writing reflective and analytical assignments, students have an opportunity to create their own piece of science fiction. GEN Community Service Volunteerism not only benefits a community; it can broaden the worldview of the volunteer.

Students who give their time and energy to an approved community partner gain an opportunity to reflect on the value of the volunteer in contemporary society. Through research and discussion, students consider different types of volunteer settings, trace the history of volunteer organizations, examine the various roles volunteers play within society and reflect on ethical issues.

The resulting turmoil caused Europe to sink into a period of social and political upheaval known as The Dark Ages. However, during these troubled times, extraordinary warriors and missionaries emerged whose profound influence has played a vital role in shaping what has become our modern world. Students examine the social, political, intellectual, and economic history of this era and explore its enduring impact on modern Western society.

HOS Wine, Food and Culture An understanding of culture can be discovered by exploring eating and drinking customs. Students experience a virtual global tour, exploring culture, history and traditions through the lens of wine and food. Students acquire a sense of the customs of their culture and those of others.

Through comparison, observation, discussion, and reflection, students discover something found in all cultures: the importance of food and drink. It tones the mind in ways similar to the way exercise tones the body.

As a result, time spent in reading for recreation has benefits beyond the immediate appreciation of the text. Students examine appeal factors of various genres of fiction and non-fiction by reviewing the history and classics of each genre, considering the therapeutic values of reading, and examining recent trends in online reading and publishing.

Students manipulate algebraic expressions, solve algebraic equations and linear systems and learn the properties of and graph algebraic and transcendental functions. Students investigate computer number systems in addition to Boolean algebra and logic to help solve problems involving computer systems.

Students also study the addition and subtraction of vectors using vector components. MGT Trends In Todays Workplace In today's culture of work, every employee needs to be knowledgeable about current trends and issues in the workplace. Students explore emerging issues facing employees in today's technology-driven workplace and investigate the realities of social networking, diversity in the workplace, and work mobility.

Through a combination of assignments, discussion boards, and quiz work, students study the history of the automobile, from its introduction to the present day. Doing so allows students to track the changes the car has introduced to manufacturing, lifestyles, design principles, transportation systems, the environment, labour-management negotiation, and economic organization.

PSI Globalization and Sustainability The rapid growth of the global economy raises fundamental questions: How do trade and politics affect development and the environment? What are the effects of free trade and the rise of multi-national corporations on local cultures?

What are the effects of the "clash of cultures" produced by international travel, migration, and new social, collaborative technologies that send film, books, television, music and other "proprietary" content spinning around the world instantly? Is globalization environmentally sustainable? Students examine these and other questions and analyze the day-to-day choices raised by globalization in an increasingly interconnected world.

RAD Popular Culture One dictionary definition of popular culture is the "totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. Students examine recent North American popular culture including trends, fads, styles, theories and the cult of the new. By exploring our perceptions of culture and the trivialization of society, students begin to appreciate how the media has relentlessly helped to shape today's values.

Through online research, assigned readings, and participation in self-directed learning, students critique popular culture's place in North American society, concentrating on their decade of choice. WKT Work Term I Students complete a cooperative work term, and submit a written report which documents the location of employment and the duties performed.

Check for Degree Pathways. Careers Graduates may find a variety of employment opportunities as applications programmers and systems analysts who can work independently and as part of a team to analyze, design, code, debug, test, implement and maintain application systems. Learning Outcomes The graduate has reliably demonstrated the ability to: Identify, analyze, develop, implement, verify and document the requirements for a computing environment.

Contribute to the diagnostics, troubleshooting, documenting and monitoring of technical problems using appropriate methodologies and tools. Implement and maintain secure computing environments. Implement robust computing system solutions through validation testing that aligns with industry best practices.

Communicate and collaborate with team members and stakeholders, to ensure effective working relationships. Select and apply strategies for personal and professional development to enhance work performance. Apply project management principles and tools when working on projects within a computing environment. Identify and apply discipline-specific practices that contribute to the local and global community through social responsibility, economic commitment and environmental stewardship.

Fees are subject to change. Admission Success Tips. Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject-specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency. Applicants with international transcripts must provide proof of the subject specific requirements noted above and may be required to provide proof of language proficiency.

Learn how to move into the digital and IT sector, and discover the career opportunities available in this fast-growing industry. Skip main navigation. Search term Search. Join now 96, enrolled on this course.

Duration 2 weeks. Weekly study 2 hours. Digital upgrade Free. Start dates. What's included. Learner reviews. More courses. Explore computer programming and complete block-language programming exercises What are computers good at and how can you get the best out of them? Unable to play video. Please enable JavaScript or consider upgrading your browser.

Download video: standard or HD. What topics will you cover? Key developments in computing Explore what code can do How programming works in real life Writing basic code Solving a more complex problem with code Finding out what a development team does.

When would you like to start? Join today. Learning on this course. What will you achieve? Yet, a good estimate is that it would probably take anywhere from 6 to 12 months to gain a firm understanding of a handful of programming languages. Get matched to a bootcamp today. The average bootcamp grad spent less than six months in career transition, from starting a bootcamp to finding their first job.

How long does it take to become a computer programmer? One of these downsides is obvious: time. Few of us are able to leave the workforce for that long, just to learn a new skill.

Another drawback to computer science degree programs is, of course, the cost. Higher education is more expensive than ever, and many people are unwilling to take out the massive amounts of student debt in order to finance their education this way. Coding or programming bootcamps are short-term programs that teach you the fundamentals and everything you need to start a career as a coder. These coding courses range widely in terms of their durations, but most coding bootcamps last only 3 to 6 months.

Programming bootcamps are becoming one of the best ways to learn coding in a short amount of time, and you gain many of the benefits of a full computer science degree program, including access to instructors, projects, and other valuable learning resources.

Further, a programming bootcamp usually offers access to mentors, job placement assistance, and other great tools. You have an enormous amount of autonomy in coding language selection. If you simply need to learn how to code a single language, you can choose an easier one to start. Most people say that learning a relatively easy programming language takes about 4 to 6 months. Coding is an ongoing learning process that will continue throughout your career.

You can certainly set a deadline for working knowledge. New coding languages always take time to master, but the time will get shorter as you learn more. Over the last half-decade, dozens of fast-track and specialized programming schools have sprung up around the country.

It is the th day of the year, and in the 48th week of the year assuming each week starts on a Monday , or the 4th quarter of the year. There are 30 days in this month. In some cases, you might want to skip weekends and count only the weekdays. This could be useful if you know you have a deadline based on a certain number of business days. If you are trying to see what day falls on the exact date difference of 4, weekdays before today, you can count up each day skipping Saturdays and Sundays.

Start your calculation with today, which falls on a Friday. Counting backward, the next day would be a Thursday. To get exactly four thousand weekdays before now, you actually need to count 5, total days including weekend days. That means that weekdays before today would be July 14, It is the th day of the year, and in the 28th week of the year assuming each week starts on a Monday , or the 3rd quarter of the year.

There are 31 days in this month. In some cases, you might want to skip weekends and count only the weekdays. This could be useful if you know you have a deadline based on a certain number of business days. If you are trying to see what day falls on the exact date difference of 4, weekdays from today, you can count up each day skipping Saturdays and Sundays. Start your calculation with today, which falls on a Friday.

Counting forward, the next day would be a Saturday. To get exactly four thousand weekdays from now, you actually need to count 5, total days including weekend days. That means that weekdays from today would be March 13, It is the 72nd day of the year, and in the 11th week of the year assuming each week starts on a Monday , or the 1st quarter of the year.

Type in the number of days you want to calculate from today. If you want to find a previous date, you can enter a negative number to figure out the number of days before today.

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How many ft are in 2. All In One Unit Converter. Unit Converter. Please, choose a physical quantity, two units, then type a value in any of the boxes above. Find other conversions here:. A foot is a unit of length defined as 0. It is subdivided into 12 inches and is called an international foot.

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After two weeks of trying to pick his way through the gorge, Powell decided he needed to find another route. On his map he could see another river heading into the Zambezi which looked quite substantial. Setting off at 4am, Powell climbed out of the gorge with two-litre water bottles. When he began walking it was already 48C F , and three hours later he made it out of the gorge, which he thinks was between m 2,ft and one kilometre of ascent.

At this point, he had one water bottle left. But when he reached the top it was not what he expected. After three hours of walking around in circles looking for a path, he completely ran out of water. He could see the river far below him in the gorge, but there was no way of getting down.

More than a billion people around the world still do not have access to clean drinking water Credit: Alamy. Our bodies lose water through our urine, sweat, faeces and breath, so we have to continually replace this by drinking and eating around a third of the water we consume comes from our food.

As you sweat less, your body temperature rises. Your blood becomes thicker and sluggish. To maintain oxygen levels, your heart rate increases. The rate at which dehydration occurs varies according to the extremes placed on the body, but with no water in a climate of 50C F , coupled with extreme exercise, dehydration can quickly become lethal.

When exercising in a hot environment, the human body can lose between 1. Another ,ml 0. The effect this can start to have on the human body is profound. Even mild dehydration can leave us feeling more tired and less able to perform physically. As we lose more water, our ability to cool down through sweating also decreases , making overheating more of a risk.

With more water leaving our bodies than coming in, our blood starts to thicken and become more concentrated, meaning our cardiovascular system has to work harder to keep our blood pressure up.

Our kidneys try to compensate by retaining more water through reduced urination, water also rushes out of our cells into our blood stream, causing them to shrink in size. Without your kidneys filtering your blood, cellular waste quickly builds up. You're literally dying for a glass of water.

Water scarcity is predicted to become more common due to climate change Credit: Alamy. A few days could be 2 or more days, usually 3 or 4. A couple of days is 2 days. A few days is 3 days. The one learning a language! Learn about premium features. Tired of searching? HiNative can help you find that answer you're looking for. A negative PCR test for COVID does not mean that an individual is free of infection, but rather that, at that particular moment, the sample did not contain viral levels at a high enough concentration to be measured as a positive.

Get results fast through your free MyNortonChart account. If you got tested on the fifth day after exposure or later and the result was negative, you can stop isolation after seven days. Those who are experiencing severe or life-threatening symptoms should seek emergency care immediately. Book Online.

This is because you constantly excrete water through sweat and urination, so your body needs to replenish the lost fluids. You may be susceptible to the effects of dehydration even sooner, depending on certain factors.

Dehydration is the medical term for not having enough water in your body to function properly. Your body needs a certain amount of water on a daily basis to maintain health. This is because water makes up 60 percent of your bodyweight. In children, water makes up to 75 percent of their bodyweight. These factors contribute to the way your body uses water. For example, in a hot climate, your body will sweat more, leading to more water consumption.

Your body will be losing water more rapidly if you have a fever, are vomiting, or have diarrhea. Additionally, some foods you eat will have more water in them than others. Water consumption also includes other beverages like herbal tea and juice.

However, some beverages can contribute to dehydration, such as ones that contain caffeine or alcohol. People on their deathbed who are using very little energy may live only a few days or a few weeks without food and water. Water is much more essential to your body than food.

People who engage in hunger strikes without food but with access to water can live a few months or longer. One article in the British Medical Journal recommends that those engaging in a hunger strike drink 1. The article also recommends adding a half teaspoon of salt to the water per day to replace sodium lost through sweating.

Because water intake is so critical to health, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies recommends that women get 91 ounces of water per day and men get ounces per day through both beverages and foods.

Discomfort and distractions can hamper this process, 5 so choose somewhere private and comfortable, and make sure your arms and back are well supported as you pump. Hold the breast shield gently against the breast — pressing too hard could compress your breast tissue and obstruct milk flow.

Some mums find deep breathing, soothing music, visualisation techniques, or having their partner massage their back and shoulders, can help them express more milk. Most Medela electric and battery-operated breast pumps have 2-Phase Expression technology, which mimics the way your baby feeds with fast, light sucking followed by slower and stronger sucks , to help trigger your let down.

Massaging your breasts before and during pumping, 6 as well as warming your breasts 7 by applying a warm compress such as a flannel on them before expressing has been shown to help stimulate your milk flow and increase the amount you collect. Scientists have discovered that having skin-to-skin contact with your baby before and during pumping can help you express more milk too. During the expression phase, pump at your maximum comfort vacuum, which is the highest breast pump setting you can use while remaining comfortable.

In research, this was found to remove a similar amount of milk as a baby does during breastfeeding. To find the right level for you, increase the breast pump suction gradually until it becomes slightly uncomfortable, and then turn it down a notch.

Once your supply is established after about four to six weeks , you can start tailoring how many minutes you need to pump for, which can save you valuable time. Some mothers need to pump longer than others due to their number of let downs, which determine how often and how long milk flows. So how can you tell what your pattern is? Pick a time when you normally pump your highest volume of milk and watch while you pump, noting when jets of milk start coming from your nipple, or when milk drips into the container over the course of the session.

Conversely, a mum who has many or late let downs may need to pump for 15 minutes or longer to drain her breast thoroughly. Double pumping raises the level of prolactin, the milk-producing hormone, in your body. This means they typically express almost a fifth more milk, and milk with a higher fat content too, as opposed to pumping from each breast in turn.

If you feel discomfort while expressing, or notice blisters or chafing on your nipple or breast, try reducing the breast pump suction. The breast shield tunnel should surround your nipple closely, but leave enough space for it to move back and forth freely without rubbing.

A badly fitting breast shield can reduce the amount of milk you express, which is why Medela makes breast shields in several different sizes. The convenient way to store, carry and warm expressed breast milk, Medela breast milk storage bags are easy to use and hygienic.

Discover our new range of pacifiers — made in Switzerland. Choose a location. Your breastfeeding journey. How to use a breast pump: 12 top tips Learning how to use a breast pump can take time and dedication, but is well worth the effort. Share this content. Her team at Medela designs educational materials, grounded in the latest research, that detail best practice for healthcare professionals and explain the amazing benefits of breast milk to mums worldwide.

Parker L et al. Parker LA et al. Then follow these general steps. Some of the pros of using a double pump are that it lets you express milk in half the time, and you can use it to express milk from both breasts at once. Some of the cons are that you have to carry around more equipment.

Most require an outlet or batteries. A single manual or electric pump can be useful if you only need to pump occasionally, or want to breastfeed and pump at the same time. These pumps are usually smaller than double pumps, making them easier to transport. Manual pumps are not available as double pumps. Your breast shield tunnel should surround your nipple closely but leave enough space for it to move freely left to right without rubbing.

If your breast shield feels too small or large, check with the manufacturer about other sizing options. Most brands make a variety of sizes. You can add an extra pump session in the morning or evening while increasing your supply, and can also pump immediately following a nursing session to fully empty your breasts. Some women produce enough milk to fill several bottles in one pumping session while others require two to three pumping sessions to fill one bottle.

Try to not focus on the amount of milk your pumping, as that can lead to unnecessary stress. If you are exclusively pumping or will be away from your baby eight or more hours a day, a double electric breast pump is a worthwhile investment.

Consider the make and model of the breast pump, too. Some are heavier or bulkier to carry around than others. Some electric pumps require an electric outlet while others require batteries.

If you live in the United States and have health insurance, your insurance policy should cover the cost of a breast pump.

Check your policy to learn more about what they will cover. It may also cover a manual or electric pump, which you can pick up before or after giving birth, depending on your policy. In addition to your breast pump, the following supplies, available for purchase online, may make pumping easier. You can keep spare parts in your office or car so that you have a backup if you forget to bring all of your parts with you. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals.

We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies.

Using a breast pump. Food and Drug Administration. La Leche League International. Expressing and storing milk. Join now to personalize. Photo credit: iStock. Sources BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world.

Keep me logged in on this device Forgot your username or password? Don't have an account? Sign up for free! How long does a figure need to rest? When a character dies how long does the character need to "rest" before you can use the same figure in the game?

Accepted Answer. The character, if KOed, only needs to rest until the level's over: either by you beating it or having all your guys KOed. Text Us Email Us. Note: if you close your chat session, please wait at least five minutes for our systems to update and allow you to open a new case. You have an open case.

Are you sure you want to close your case? Your ticket has been closed. Got it! Oops Our bad. We encountered a problem on our end. Please try again later. We got your email! One of our agents will review your message and get back to you via email. Your case is. General Questions. What are Skylanders Sidekicks and how do they differ from Skylanders Minis? What Information is saved on a Skylanders toy?

Always wait about ten seconds after any of these events before taking a Skylander off the Portal of Power. This will give the game time to save data on the toy. What information is saved on the console? Can I delete the data from my Skylanders toy? Why does my Skylanders toy look different in the game?

Is there a place where I can see every Skylanders character? Are there any restrictions to using Skylanders toys on different consoles? I have an old Skylanders Web code sticker. Where can I redeem it? How do I do it? What happened? Punk Shock is sliding on the ground instead of walking. The frame rate is low when playing with Dune Bug. The Waterwalker upgrade is not working with Double Trouble. The Waterwalker ability is not available in Skylanders Trap Team.

Why is this happening? The wrong Villain was placed in my Trap after visiting the Villain Vault. How do I fix this? I keep getting stuck when playing with Sprocket. Why is this? Place a Skylander character figure that is compatible with Skylanders Giants onto the portal first.

To change focus between character and vehicle figures, move left or right within the menu. Transferring ownership will add the character to your in-game collection, granting you the related bonuses for doing so, while still allowing you to keep their previous level, money, skill set, and customizations intact. Not all Skylanders figures need to be reset.

Card games. How do you restart Skylanders? How long does Skylanders have to rest? Why do skylanders stop working?

Distress signals are used to show that you need help and require immediate assistance. The signals are internationally recognised and must only be used if you are in distress. Use flares to get the attention of other boats or aircraft in the area if you need assistance. Two orange smoke and 2 red hand flares are needed as part of the safety equipment for these boats.

Your flares must be in date. Flares have a life span of 3 years and must be replaced before they expire. The expiry date is printed on the flare. The red and orange flares allow a distress signal to be seen during the day and at night-time. Effective ranges of these flares in conditions of good visibility are:. There are severe penalties for misuse of flares including—the cost of labour, risk incurred or loss sustained as a result of misusing flares.

Old flares become unstable and can be unreliable. Dispose of expired flares in a safe manner see below. Firing flares You're in an emergency and you need to attract attention. Hold hand-held flares over the downwind side of the boat with your arm fully outstretched. Flares burn with extreme heat and can very easily damage your boat, your life raft or people.

Point them away from yourself, anyone else and the superstructure of the boat. Flares are extremely bright and you should not look directly at the light as it will damage your eyesight.

Parachute flares should be fired downwind at ideally a 15 to 20 degree angle off vertical Never set flares off unless you are in distress or are attending a properly organised flare demonstration. Disposal of old flares Old flares should not be kept as spares, because the propellant degrades over time. Hand unwanted or expired flares into either your local police station, the Auckland Marine Rescue Centre or your marine retailer that collects expired flares like Burnsco.

Never leave them outside for someone to collect, or put them in the rubbish. Never incinerate or let off expired flares. They're not fireworks! Expired or very old flares should be treated like explosives, so handle old ones with care. The role of boatperson is a key one for a safe and enjoyable dive. Coast Guard. Road flares are designed to be stored in vehicles and used during roadside emergencies.

They usually do not have an expiration date. Marine flares are a completely different story than road flares. The U. Coast Guard requires marine flares to have an expiration date set at 42 months after their date of manufacture. Flares are a pyrotechnic device. You could be lost at sea just hoping to see an aircraft or another boat to signal to. This has got to be one of the most terrifying situations to be in.

Aerial flares are usually suspended in the air by parachutes so they can burn at altitude for as long as possible. This means you only get a couple of seconds of burn time instead of the full burn time. The worst possibility is that an expired flare could have tears, holes or other weaknesses in its outer packaging.

Certainly check the flare out before lighting it if you have time. The chemical composition of flares is specifically designed to make them burn bright and for a long time. One of the best ways to extend the life of your flares is by storing them properly.

Extreme heat, cold and exposure to moisture can cause flares to break down faster than normal. This is a little problematic since most places that flares are stored are hot, cold or wet.

P90X claims to be different in that all its principles are based on sound scientific research. Alongside this, its main selling point is the fact that P90X is the only workout DVD that focuses specifically on individuals. The programme is created with your own body type in mind, and dependent on your own specific circumstances. So it will tell you what and how much to eat, when to eat and what to avoid.

You begin by figuring out exactly how many calories you need to be consuming to keep your body adequately fuelled for optimal performance whilst still keeping your metabolism boosted for maximum fat loss. P90X is the brainchild of celebrity trainer Tony Horton and it combines a wide variety of exercises and moves that include:.

P90X is far more varied in terms of the different training methods that it puts you through, but this is understandable as it does take up more of your time.

P90X will take you through a variety of training methods, each aimed at improving your overall strength, stabilising your core and burning fat. For each move, the P90X DVDs show a beginner and an advanced version of it so you can tailor the workouts to your level of experience and push yourself harder if required. Eight-minute abs. Seven-minute biceps. Movie-star pecs in a weekend. Most rely on gadgets or gimmicks, and nearly all promise a pain-free experience.

P90X, a day blitz of dumbbell moves, plyometrics and martial arts moves, sounds like more of the same. Power 90X, to give the regime its full title, is an evolution of the Power 90 series first introduced by fitness company BeachBody in the late s. When company CEO Carl Daikeler noticed a gap in the market for DVDs aimed at reasonably fit people wanting to shed those last percentage points of body fat , he asked trainer Tony Horton to create something to fill that void.

A couple of years later, in , P90X was unleashed. The circuits are extraordinarily taxing and barely permit rest periods of seconds between sets. While some people may use P90X and experience simultaneous weight loss and strength gains in the short-term, these results can primarily be attributed to the rapid gains seen by all novice trainees. However, attempting to follow severe programs such as the P90X workout for an extended period of time will eventually lead to an overall loss of strength, increased risk of injury, and burnout.

The P90X workout utilizes a tremendously high training frequency, intensity, and volume. The goal of this program is to burn as many calories as possible thereby putting participants in a substantial calorie deficit. As such, this exercise induced calorie deficit allows P90Xers? Seems like a good deal, right? Train hard and burn so many calories that you can eat more or less ad libitum and still lose fat? Might as well order my DVD set right now! Unfortunately, training in this manner holds numerous limitations, one of which forces us to make the distinction between weight loss and fat loss.

Below is an excerpt from my article describing the differences between the two terms:. When you step on a scale the number displayed is your entire body weight. This includes everything: organs, muscles, bones, water, stomach content, and body fat are all being measured.

Your weight is the sum total of everything you are composed of. The amount of fat a person carries depends on a variety of factors including age, gender, and genetics.

When fat loss is the goal, net weight loss is relatively insignificant compared to total fat loss. As the program goes on and lean body mass continues to break down, a host of other problems may begin to arise including decreased metabolic rate, increased likelihood of weight regain, injury, and self-doubt. As the name suggests, the P90X workout is simply a day program intended to generate rapid weight loss and hopefully improve body composition. What happens when the 90 days are over?

Do you regress to Disc 1, or would you simply repeat Disc 12 for the remainder of your training career? Are you supposed to push through the pain and do the program as best as possible, or should you use your injury as an excuse, call it quits, and munch your way into a food induced coma?

Do the 15 second rest breaks allow for sufficient nose-blowing action? The P90X workout is advertised as a one-size-fits-all program. I do it every time and I am never sore. My teenage son tried both options and he had the very same results as I did. If you exercise the proper way and if you take recover drink — you will be feeling great. I agree with you. I have been working out for many years and know what I am doing.

I am fit but I think the P90X workout does go overboard. The workouts are too long and have too much fluff to kill time. I agree that you can get a good workout in 30 minutes or less as long as you make it intense! I mean the yoga workout is 90 minutes. Who has time for that when they work 8 or 9 hours a day!!

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Quite the opposite. There is some truth to this but a lot of the theory behind muscle confusion is bullshit.

Fuck… Professional athletes train times per week, so why would an average Joe who simply wants to lose weight and look better need to workout every single day. You can eat 1 meal per day or you can eat 6 meals per day.

Why do you want to do P90x? Serious question: Why do you want to do P90x? Just be honest. Most people who do P90x fall into the following categories: You simply want to get in shape lose fat and build a little muscle. You want to get in shape but are too lazy or embarrassed to go to the gym You want to get absolutely ripped and need an intense workout program to help you do that. Pin 6. Which style is going to produce the best results?

Slow , no momentum fully extended for sure Reply.

Certain side effects of these drugs, such as changes in mood and behavior, breathing problems, constipation, and lightheadedness can be particularly bothersome while you are pregnant. Also, results from one study have shown a link between certain birth defects and the use of opioids by pregnant women.

These drugs are very powerful pain relievers. It is important to know everything you can about these drugs before you take them. They can be habit forming, even at low doses and when taken exactly as prescribed.

Misuse of these drugs can lead to addiction, poisoning, overdose, or even death. Tramadol, oxycodone, and controlled-release oxycodone are drugs used to treat moderate to severe pain. Learn how these drugs are similar and different. Opana and Roxicodone are medications that can relieve pain.

They work in similar ways, but have important differences. Learn more. A new study looking into adverse effects from medication use found that anticoagulants and diabetes agents send a significant amount of adults ages 65….

We all experience pain. Fortunately, there are many ways to manage pain, whether that means treating the source of the pain or coping with the pain…. Federal officials have set up locations across the country on National Prescription Drug Take Back Day for people go properly dispose of their old….

If you were prescribed morphine, it's important to understand how long the effects of the drug will last in your body.

Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Oxycodone vs. Medically reviewed by Alan Carter, Pharm. OxyContin Side-by-side Effectiveness Cost and availability Side effects Interactions With other conditions Pregnancy and breastfeeding Takeaway Introduction There are many different types of pain that affect people in different ways. Oxycodone and OxyContin. San Francisco public health clinics stopped dispensing the painkiller in , based in part on feedback from patients who said it wore off after eight hours.

The clinics switched to generic morphine, which has a similar duration and costs a lot less. Mitchell Katz, then head of the San Francisco public health department, said in an interview. One of the plaintiffs was a retired Alabama businessman named H. Jerry Bodie. His doctor had Bodie on 30 milligrams of OxyContin every eight hours for chronic back pain.

A Purdue sales rep persuaded him to switch Bodie to a higher dose every 12 hours, according to a judge's summary of the evidence. The doctor kept raising the dose, eventually putting Bodie on milligrams a day. Purdue got suits dismissed by asserting, among other defenses, a legal doctrine which shields drug companies from liability when their products are prescribed by trained physicians. Purdue settled other lawsuits on confidential terms. In a federal suit, Alabama businessman H.

Jerry Bodie accused Purdue of overstating the duration of OxyContin, among other complaints. The lawsuit was dismissed. In these legal battles, the company successfully petitioned courts to have evidence sealed, citing the need to protect trade secrets. In the fall of , in a remote courthouse in Appalachia, the hour dosing issue came close to a public airing. In describing problems with OxyContin, many said the drug wore off hours early. All these efforts failed. Purdue had one final shot at avoiding trial: A motion for summary judgment.

Stephens, son of a local coal miner and the first African American elected to the West Virginia circuit court. To make this critical argument, the company tapped Eric Holder Jr. On Oct. Stephens disagreed. He ruled that there was enough evidence that a jury could find Purdue had made deceptive claims about OxyContin, including how long it lasted. His decision meant that for the first time, questions about OxyContin's duration would be aired at a trial. Sealed evidence would be laid out in public for class-action attorneys, government investigators, doctors and journalists to see.

All the evidence under seal would remain confidential. A week later, Judge Stephens ordered one more document withdrawn from public view: His Nov. The Times reviewed a copy of the ruling. The settlement did not require Purdue to admit any wrongdoing or change the way it told doctors to prescribe the drug.

The issue arose in a regulatory dispute that attracted little attention. The Connecticut attorney general had complained to the FDA that doctors prescribing OxyContin every eight hours, rather than the recommended 12, were unintentionally fueling black market use of the drug.

They went on to make a case far different than the one Purdue sales reps were making to doctors. Nonetheless, they said the company planned to continue telling doctors OxyContin was a hour drug. In a letter to the FDA, Purdue lawyers said the company planned to continue promoting OxyContin to doctors as a hour drug for several reasons, including "competitive advantage.

The federal investigation was over. Class-action attorneys moved on to other drugs. Earlier this year, a man posting to a chat board for pain patients said he got six to eight hours of relief from OxyContin, but hadn't been able to convince his doctor to prescribe it more frequently. For a brief moment three years ago, it seemed the problems with hour dosing might get wider attention.

The FDA had called for public input on how to make painkiller labels safer. Egilman, an expert in warning labels, had worked on hundreds of product liability cases ranging from asbestos to microwave popcorn. Some judges said he went too far. In a case against the drugmaker Eli Lilly, for example, a judge found that Egilman leaked confidential documents about the controversial antipsychotic medication Zyprexa to a New York Times reporter.

In the OxyContin cases, Purdue had attacked his ethics and qualifications. He submitted a PowerPoint presentation to be played in his absence. Measure liquid medicine carefully. Use the dosing syringe provided, or use a medicine dose-measuring device not a kitchen spoon. You should not stop using oxycodone suddenly. Follow your doctor's instructions about tapering your dose.

Store at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and light. Keep track of your medicine. Oxycodone is a drug of abuse and you should be aware if anyone is using your medicine improperly or without a prescription. Do not keep leftover opioid medication. Just one dose can cause death in someone using this medicine accidentally or improperly. Ask your pharmacist where to locate a drug take-back disposal program. If there is no take-back program, flush the unused medicine down the toilet.

Since oxycodone is used for pain, you are not likely to miss a dose. Skip any missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not use two doses at one time. Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at An oxycodone overdose can be fatal, especially in a child or other person using the medicine without a prescription.

Overdose can cause severe muscle weakness, pinpoint pupils, very slow breathing, extreme drowsiness, or coma. Avoid driving or operating machinery until you know how oxycodone will affect you. Dizziness or severe drowsiness can cause falls or other accidents. Avoid medication errors. Always check the brand and strength of oxycodone you get from the pharmacy. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Opioid medicine can slow or stop your breathing, and death may occur. A person caring for you should seek emergency medical attention if you have slow breathing with long pauses, blue colored lips, or if you are hard to wake up. Withdrawal Summary Oxycodone is a highly addictive opioid medication that can treat short- and long-term pain.

Effects and timeline of oxycodone. Share on Pinterest Side effects of oxycodone may include constipation and nausea. How long does it stay in the system? Exposure to air pollutants may amplify risk for depression in healthy individuals. Costs associated with obesity may account for 3. Related Coverage. What to know about oxycodone. Medically reviewed by Alan Carter, PharmD.

What's the difference between Vicodin and tramadol? What to know about the panel drug test. Treatment for opioid-induced constipation. Medically reviewed by William Morrison, M. Sexual dysfunction and long-term opioid use. Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, Ph.

In view of the huge amounts of power stored, exceeding the limits can result in fire or even an impressive explosion. Over-voltage: Charge over-voltage protection is required to prevent a voltage that is too high being applied across the battery terminals.

Over-charge protection: The over-charge protection circuitry is required to stop the Li-ion charging process when voltage per cell rises above 4. It is extremely important not to overcharge the lithium in battery. The battery management system must provide protection against over charging. When using a lithium ion battery, it is imperative that the manufacturers charger is used because different elements of protection may be used in the charger and battery pack dependent upon the design.

The lifetime of lithium ion cells and batteries is often given in terms f the number of charge discharge cycles they an accommodate before their charge retention capacity falls. Although lithium ion cells have what is termed a calendar life - their lifetime in terms of elapsed time even if they are not used, another major factor is the number of charge discharge cycles they can accommodate.

It is normally this rather than the calendar lifetime that spells the end of the useful life for a lithium ion cell. Other characteristics of the Li-ion cell show improvements over its competitors. Ni-Cads offer up to around cycles, although this is very dependent upon the way they are used. A badly treated cell may only give 50 or NiMH cells are even worse, and this is one of the main areas receiving development.

It is also found that lithium ion cells and batteries do not suffer from the memory effect that was apparent with Ni-Cads. The memory effect became apparent if cells were only partially discharged each time they were used. With time, they 'remembered' the level of discharge and their capacity was reduced accordingly. As a result it was good to periodically perform a complete discharge of the cells.

This is not so for lithium ion cells. The charging and discharging of lithium ion batteries is key to their operation and long term performance.

Typically battery management chips are incorporated into the battery packs. This manages the charging and discharging of the li-ion battery. In this way the user can plug the battery into a charger and leave it to charge in the knowledge that it does not have to be unplugged after a certain time. You don't have to charge it overnight for it to be fully charged.

Most modern cells have a fast charge capability allowing some to even charge in less than an hour. If you have such type of device, you can charge it within the given time frame in the instructions. The best thing about lithium-ion batteries is that they have mechanisms that protect them from overcharging.

So there is no harm in case you forget your device on the charger. Also, other gadgets have features that control charging. They disconnect your phone automatically when it's full, or there is a faulty connection. Also, you should observe a constant current charge, saturation, and temperatures. Charging lithium battery for the first time has become a very controversial topic.

Most people tend to be confused when it comes to handling devices with these types of cells. The question of whether someone has to charge the Li-ion battery fully for the first time has become so popular. The confusion has been caused by the old school nickel-based, which needed a lot of care.

It had to be charged for more than 6 hours before its first use and also had to be drained entirely before reusing it again. The truth is that the li-ion is more advanced, and they contain mechanisms that control the charging.

However, you have to look out for other optimal conditions such as temperatures, charging voltage and storage. Lithium-ion Batteries Used in Electric Cars. Charging and Discharging of Lithium-Ion Battery. The charge and discharge characteristics of lithium batteries and nickel batteries are very different, and it is very clear to tell you that all the serious formal technical information I have reviewed emphasizes that overcharge and overdischarge will make lithium batteries, especially liquid lithium.

Ion batteries cause great damage. Therefore, charging is preferably performed in accordance with standard time and standard methods, especially for ultra-long charging of more than 12 hours. Usually, the charging method described in the mobile phone manual is a standard charging method suitable for the mobile phone.

Furthermore, the lithium battery phone or charger will automatically stop charging when the battery is full, there is no so-called "turbulent" charging of the nickel battery charger for 10 hours. In other words, if your lithium battery is full, it will be white charger on the charger. And none of us can guarantee that the characteristics of the battery's charge and discharge protection circuit will never change and the quality will be foolproof, so your battery will be on the edge of danger for a long time.

This is another reason why we oppose long charging. In addition, on some mobile phones, after charging for more than a certain period of time, if you do not remove the charger, then the system will not stop charging, and will start the discharge-charge cycle. At the same time, long charging takes a long time and often needs to be carried out at night.

In the case of China's power grid, the voltage at night is high in many places and fluctuates greatly. As mentioned above, the lithium battery is very delicate, it is much less resistant to fluctuations in charge and discharge than nickel, and thus poses an additional hazard. Home News How long does the lithium-ion battery charge for the first time? How long does the lithium-ion battery charge for the first time? The limit varies, but most rechargeables last two or three years.

So how do you make your lithium-ion battery last as long as possible? Shallow discharges and recharges are better than full ones, because they put less stress on the battery, so it lasts longer.

When your battery is discharging, Battery University recommends that you only let it reach 50 percent before topping it up again. Instead, follow the shallow discharge and recharge cycle we just mentioned. Although shallow charges and discharges hit the longevity sweet spot, there are exceptions to this rule. Once a month, let the battery undergo a full discharge to about 5 percent, just to recalibrate its self-assessment.

In general, you should be keeping your battery above 20 percent, according to Samsung.